Secretary of War Pete Hegseth announced Oct. 23 that the Pentagon had shut down 80 programs at 30 American universities. The programs replaced Confucius Institutes, the Chinese Communist Party-funded language and culture centers, under new names, often retaining the same Chinese partners.

Some schools and nonprofits concealed those ties. The University of Michigan and Arizona State University altered records to make continued Chinese funding anonymous, according to the National Association of Scholars.